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槟城景点 : Penang War Museum 槟城战争博物馆

以前,对于战争博物馆这些地方,我都不会带孩子去参观。你可能会问为什么?其实,这也是我自己对于这些地方有心里不安的感觉吧!小时候,外婆和老妈就有告诉我,日军占领我们国家时,他们是如何躲避与逃跑。战争是残酷的!

灯的介绍。。

一提到灯,我的脑子就是爱迪生。
这伟大的发明家发明了很多对社会有用的东西,其中一样就是电灯泡。

在这个高科技时代, 灯饰实在太普偏了。。。
各种各样的款式让你挑。
传统灯饰已渐渐的被LED 取代。
被取代的其中一个原因就是环保。
怎么环保,我以后再向大家解释。

电灯可分成以下这几种:


1。 白炽照明 (Incandescent Lighting



白炽灯照明是N年前,家中最常使用的类型。
About N years ago, Incandescent lighting was the most common type of lighting used in homes.


白炽灯没有电子镇流器。他们立刻亮提供温暖的光和优秀显色指数。也可以矫正光度。但是,白炽灯具有较差的效果,相比其他照明,它的寿命较短。平均750–2500 小时。亮度是每瓦10–17 流明。
Incandescent lamps operate without a ballast. They light up instantly, providing a warm light and excellent color rendition. You can also dim them. However, incandescent lamps have a low efficacy compared to other lighting options (10–17 lumens per watt) and a short average operating life (750–2500 hours).


白炽灯价前是瞒便宜的,但是因为它的低效率和有限的寿命,所以它的ROI (Return On Investment ) 较高。
Incandescent lamps are the least expensive to buy, but because of their relative inefficiency and short life spans, they usually are more expensive to operate.


2. 荧光灯 Fluorescent Light


荧光灯是家中最常使用的类型。在我国,它提供了约 85%的家庭照明。
In malaysia, fluorescent light is still very common type of lighting used in homes, factory, etc.

 荧光灯利用低气压的汞蒸气在放电过程中辐射紫外线,使荧光粉发出可见光的原理发光,因此它属于低气压弧光放电光源荧光灯比白炽灯更有效地把光转换去电力。荧光灯的灯盘成本较高,因为它需要电子镇流器来调节电流。

A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor. The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into useful light more efficiently than an incandescent lamp. Lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost of the lamp. The lamp fixture is more costly because it requires a ballast to regulate the current through the lamp.
现在的商业机构的建筑物大多数使用了较大的荧光灯也就是T5 或者是T8。除此之外,人们已把T5或T8型的荧光灯的型状改成白炽照明的型状并用于作为家中的节能型替代方法。
T5 or T8 fluorescent tubes have been mostly used in commercial or institutional buildings, the compact fluorescent lamp is now available in the same popular sizes as incandescents and is used as an energy-saving alternative in homes.


3. HID (High Intensity Discharge) 高强度气体放电灯














LED 灯

LED lamp 其实就是solid-state lamp。LED 灯 (LED 灯泡)是使用发光二极管 (Led)作为光源。

发光二极管通常使用在闪烁灯和电子元件。但,LED 技术的不断进步。它现在也使用于各种灯饰照明。

LED lights are solid state lamps that utilize light emitting diodes to produce light. They were previously used in flash lights and electrical components. With ongoing advancement in LED technology it is now used for various signate and lighting purposes.
LED lamps can be made interchangeable with other types of lamps. Assemblies of high power light-emitting diodes can be used to replace incandescent or fluorescent lamps. Some LED lamps are made with identical bases so that they are directly interchangeable with incandescent bulbs. Since the luminous efficacy (amount of visible light produced per unit of electrical power input) varies widely between LED and incandescent lamps, lamps are usefully marked with their lumen output to allow comparison with other types of lamps. LED lamps are sometimes marked to show the watt rating of an incandescent lamp with approximately the same lumen output, for consumer reference in purchasing a lamp that will provide a similar level of illumination.



One high power LED chip used in LED lights can emit up to 10,000 lumens for an electrical power consumption of only 100 watts (100 lumens per watt)[citation needed]. Efficiency of these devices continues to improve with some chips able to emit > 100 lumens per watt. LEDs do not emit light in all directions, and their directional characteristics affect the design of lamps. The efficiency of conversion from electric power to light is generally higher than with incandescent lamps. Since the light output of many types of light-emitting diodes is small compared to incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps, in most applications multiple diodes are assembled



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